A new photoremovable protecting group absorbing above 500 nm : (6-Hydroxy-3-oxo-3H-xanthen-9-yl)methyl and its derivates

A new water-soluble photoremovable protecting group for carboxylic acids and phosphates with high molar extinction coefficients (ελmax ~ 25 000 dm3mol-1cm-1) in the visible region (above 520 nm) was designed and tested. The suggested concept based on the photochemistry of coumarinyl PPG proved to work also for the compounds derived from 6-hydroxy-3-oxo- 3H-xanthen-9-yl)methyl. The introduction of an additional aromatic core to the coumarinyl unit resulted in a substantial shift of the absorption towards longer wavelengths and also caused a drop in pKa of the phenolic protons to about 6, which then caused the anionic form of the molecule to be the prevalent species at neutral pH. This is of advantage since it improves the solubility of these compounds in aqueous media and also because the anionic forms of the cages are even further red-shifted with respect to the neutral ones. The model cages released the protected bromide, acetate and/or diethylphosphate upon irradiation by visible light in neutral aqueous solutions (the cleavage of the free anions was indicated by a drop in pH and confirmed by NMR). The quantum yields of photodeprotection of the model compounds were relatively low but still comparable to those of coumarinyl cages. The quantum yields could probably be enhanced by a suitable substitution. The efficiency of the photoreaction is also likely to be higher in the case of cages of other phosphates and/or acyls of biochemical interest, which are better leaving groups than diethyl phosphate or acetate. In the dark, the model compounds were stable for several hours (up to 1 day) in aqueous solutions at room temperature. The stability should thus be sufficient for potential biochemical applications. The fluorescence lifetime of one of the model compouds, 9-(bromomethyl)-6-hydroxy-3Hxanthen- 3-one was found to be (331 ± 30) ps. The last problem that remains to be solved is an unequivocal identification of the final photoproduct and of the reaction intermediates. The first step of the photoreaction is most probably analogous to that of coumarinyl cages, i.e. the elimination of the protected species (free acids) and the nucleophilic attack of the resulting cation by water, which leads to the formation of the primary photoproduct, 6-hydroxy-9-(hydroxymethyl)-3H-xanthen-3-one. This compound is in equilibrium with its enol tautomer and also with another tautomer: 3,6-dihydroxy-9H-xanthene-9-carbaldehyde. One or more of these tautomers react further to give a final product, in which the original chromophore is restored again (testified by UV-Vis spectroscopy and NMR). The UV-Vis spectrum of the final photoproduct overlaps with the spectrum of 6-hydroxy-3H-xanthen-3-one but the NMR analysis revealed that the two compounds were not identical. Further analyses and attempts to identify the photoproduct and the reaction intermediates are still in progress

The Application of Microwave-Assisted Photochemistry

Diploma thesisDiplomová práceDiploma thesi

Searching for the mechanism of signalling by plant photoreceptor cryptochrome

International audienceEven though the plant photoreceptors cryptochromes were discovered more than 20 years ago, the mechanism through which they transduce light signals to their partner molecules such as COP1 or SPA1 still remains to be established. We propose that a negative charge induced by light in the vicinity of the flavin chromophore initiates cryptochrome 1 signalling. This negative charge might expel the protein-bound ATP from the binding pocket, thereby pushing off the C-terminus that covers the ATP pocket in the dark state of the protein. This conformational change should allow for phosphorylation of previously inaccessible amino acids. A partially phosphorylated 'ESSSSGRR−VPE' fragment of the C-terminus could mimic the sequence of the transcription factor HY5 that is essential for binding to the negative regulator of photomorphogenesis COP1. HY5 release through competition for the COP1 binding site could represent the long-sought connection between light activation of cryptochrome and modulation of photomorphogenesis